In population size India, Pakistan and Bangladesh comprising the Indian sub-continent are the largest in South Asia with a combined population of 1.66 billion. Although widespread poverty, natural disasters, environmental degradation and rapid urbanization make the population of these countries most vulnerable to health hazards, they spend little money as a percentage of their Gross Domestic Product (GDP) on health care. While India spends only 4.7% of its GDP on health, Pakistan and Bangladesh spend even less - 2.6% and 2.8% of their GDP on health respectively. Resources dedicated to mental health are far lower. The paper critically examines the pattern of mental health resources (human, financial and facilities) in these South Asia countries with a view to highlight the plight of the mentally ill. This may help explain, partially at least, the continuing systemic neglect faced by mental health in these South Asian countries comprising more than 23% of the global population.

Along with the Indian sub-continent (India, Pakistan and Bangladesh), South Asia also includes a few other smaller countries such as Afghanistan, Bhutan, Maldives, Nepal and Sri Lanka. These eight South Asian countries, with 5.1 million square kilometres of landmass, compriseonly 3.4%of the world’s surface. However, with a combined population of 1.75 billion, South Asia houses more than 23% of the global population. Except Bangladesh, the basic health indicators in the South Asian countries are not impressive. It should be noted that Bangladesh has made impressive gains in recent decades in this regard. The paper examines the pattern of health expenditure as a percentage of the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) as well as health expenditure per capita to better understand and explain the poor overall health indicators. In South Asian countries, the government expenditure as a percentage of the total health expenditure is also substantially lower than in many other developing countries. This may help explain, partially at least, the continuing inequity in health in these countries

The purposes of this research were: 1) to study and compare the English speaking ability before and after learning through Jigsaw and Problem Solving Tasks of undergraduate students at Kalasin University, and 2) to study the students’ attitudes towards teaching English speaking using Jigsaw and Problem Solving Tasks. The sample consisted of 23first-year undergraduate students at Kalasin University, Kalasin Province, in the second semester of the academic year 2019. The research was a one group pretestposttest design. The research instruments included 12 lesson plans, an English speaking ability test and an attitude questionnaire. The experiment lasted 12 weeks, 2 hours a week, or 24 hours for all. The mean, percentage, standard deviation and t-test for Dependent Samples were used for data analysis. The findings of this research were as follows: 1) The students’ pretest and posttest English speaking ability scores were 25.04 % and 83.19% respectively. The students’ posttest score was found significantly higher than that of the pretest at the .01 level. 2) The students’ attitude towards teaching English speaking using Jigsaw Task was at a very good level.

Objective: To investigate the effect of the red fruits (Pandanus conoideus) oil extract (RFOE) on activities of T lymphocytes (TL) derived from spleen and peritoneal macrophages (PM) of mammary tumor bearing mice in vitro. Materials and Methods: The RFOE was obtained by ethanol extraction consists of fraction 1-5 and used at 2 ppm concentrations. TL and PM were isolated, stimulated to proliferate while 24 hours of in vitro cultures. TL and PM activity were studied with the fraction 1 to 5, ß- carotene, tocopherol, linoleic acid, RFO and negative control. Results and Conclusion: our study showed that fraction 2 and 3 of RFOE, ß-carotene and tocopherol have effect in enhancing the CD8, CD 25 expression on T lymphocytes cultures; and fraction 1 on the CD 54 and CD64 expression of PM cultures

In our everyday practice, when the patient attends his outpatient appointment, he/she expects a full perfect session of consultation with the expert. So, a good preparation from both parties promotes a better quality of the consultation and minimises the risk of missing any information.It is estimated that over 80% of diagnoses are made on history alone, a further 5-10% on examination and the remainder of investigation [1].Despite this might be debatable and differs from case to case, the patient presenting history remains the essential aspect of clinical practice and appropriate history taking can easily lead the clinician to make a correct diagnosis of the health problem in many cases.So that, the patient’s preparation before the consultation is highly recommended, and importantly, we need to focus on the records before reviewing the patient.